What do 'modes' refer to in relation to scales?

Modes refer to specific scales derived from a parent scale, particularly the major scale. Each mode is created by starting from a different note of the major scale and proceeding to the octave of that note. This means that these modes are indeed foundational to the development of major and minor scales. The most commonly known modes in Western music are Ionian (which is the major scale itself), Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian (which is the natural minor scale), and Locrian.

Understanding modes is crucial for musicians as they provide various tonalities and emotional contexts within music. They serve as tools for improvisation, composition, and understanding melodies in a deeper manner. This knowledge of modes enhances a musician's ability to create and interpret music across genres effectively.